Cabbage Farming in Kenya: A Complete Guide

Introduction to Cabbage Farming in Kenya

Cabbage is the most cultivated vegetable as well as the most profitable crop in Kenya. The farmers and the consumers gain in equal measure from this. This is a guide for all growers, no matter the scale, in assisting to ensure full achievement in Cabbage farming in Kenya. Annually, the area under cabbage cultivation in Kenya is about 600,000 tons. Not only is the demand increasing in the regions, it is also being supplied to neighboring countries. The tonnage of cabbage harvest ranges from 25-40 tons per acre depending on the practices adopted by the farmers. Cabbage florets are retailing at Ksh. 15- 50 per head. In the most favorable seasons of the year, the returns can be as high as Ksh 300,000 per acre cultivated approximately after every harvest. Adopting new technologies in farming has been noted to raise the volume harvested by as much as 30%. Such practices include drip irrigation and fertilizer application.

In this guide, we’ll cover:

• Climatic and soil requirements
• Choosing the right cabbage variety
• Land preparation and planting techniques
• Watering and irrigation practices
• Fertilizer application and soil fertility management
• Pest and disease management
• Weed control and farm maintenance
• Harvesting and post-harvest handling
• Market trends and profitability
• Common challenges and solutions

Climatic and Soil Requirements for Cabbage Farming in Kenya

Cabbages grow best in cool temperatures (15-20°C) at high altitudes (800-2500m above sea level). They thrive in central Kenya and parts of the rift Valley, western, and eastern provinces.

For soil, the cabbage requires:

• Warm soil to assist with quick plant development and growth,
• Loamy soil, well-drained & rich in organic material
• A pH hedge largely between 6.0-6.8

Choosing the Right Cabbage Variety

Selecting the right cabbage is important for your farm’s success. In Kenya, various cabbages, each with unique traits, are popular. Here’s a closer look at some common types:

1. Gloria F1

• Medium-late maturing, ready for harvest 90 days after transplanting
• Solid blue-green color with a thick waxy layer
• Tolerant to Black Rot and resistant to Fusarium yellows
• Not prone to splitting and keeps well after harvesting
• Plant spacing: 60 cm x 60 cm
• Average head weight: 3-5 kg
• Yield: 30,000-50,000 kg per acre

2. Copenhagen Market

• Early maturing variety, ready in 65-70 days after transplanting
• Requires cool/warm climate
• Small to medium round heads, uniform in size
• Plant spacing: 60 cm x 45 cm
• Head weight: 2-2.5 kg
• Yield: 20,000-30,000 kg per acre

3. Blue Dynasty F1

• Medium-late maturing, ready in 80-85 days after transplanting
• Good tolerance to Black Rot, Cabbage Ring Spot, Diamond Back Moth, and Fusarium Yellows
• Suitable for warm areas
• Plant spacing: 60 cm x 60 cm
• Head weight: 4-5 kg
• Yield: 45,000-68,000 kg per acre

4. Green Challenger F1

• Early maturing, ready in 60 days after transplanting.
• Blue-green with a rich creamy interior.
• Resistant to Diamond Back Moth, Black Rot, and Fusarium Yellows.
• Plant spacing: 30 x 30 cm or 60 x 60 cm.
• Head weight: 2.5-3 kg.
• Yield: 40,000-50,000 kg per acre.

5. Pruktor F1

• Matures in 80 days after transplanting
• Sweet flavor
• Tolerant to Black Rot, Diamond Back Moth, and low night temperatures
• Plant spacing: 60 cm x 60 cm
• Head weight: 5-6 kg
• Yield: 50,000-60,000 kg per acre

Other popular varieties are Baraka F1, Riana F1, and Amigo F1. Each has unique traits for different growing conditions and market needs

Variety	Maturity	Head Weight
Gloria F1	Medium-late	3-5 kg
Copenhagen Market	Early	2-2.5 kg
Blue Dynasty F1	Medium-late	4-5 kg
Green Challenger F1	Early	2.5-3 kg
Pruktor F1	Medium-late	5-6 kg

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When choosing a variety, consider factors such as:

• Your local climate (some varieties are more heat-tolerant or cold-tolerant)
• Disease resistance (e.g., tolerance to Black Rot or Fusarium Yellows)
• Intended market (local or export)
• Desired growth duration (early, medium, or late maturing)
• Expected yield and head size

Land Preparation and Planting of Cabbage in Kenya

Preparing the land well is key for cabbage farming. Here’s how:

1. Remove all debris and old crops.
2. Plow to 30 cm deep to loosen soil.
3. Harrow to break clumps and make soil fine.
4. Create raised beds for better drainage.

Space cabbage 45 cm apart in rows and 60 cm between rows. This allows good air flow and cuts competition.

In Kenya, cabbage can be planted anytime but does best from March to May and October to December. These months are cooler and often rainy, reducing the need for extra watering.

Start with a seedbed. Plant seeds in good soil and care for them for 4-6 weeks. Then, move the best seedlings, those with 4-6 true leaves.

Watering and Irrigation Practices for Cabbage Farming in Kenya

Cabbage needs consistent watering, especially early on and during head formation. It requires about 25-30 mm of water weekly, depending on the season and soil.

Drip irrigation is best for cabbage. It offers:

• Water efficiency: Directs water to roots, reducing waste.
• Disease prevention: Keeps leaves dry, lowering fungal risks.
• Nutrient management: Allows for easy fertilizer application.

If drip irrigation isn’t an option, furrow irrigation is viable at least 80cm apart. However, avoid overwatering to prevent root rot and fungal diseases.

Adjust watering based on rainfall, temperature, and cabbage growth. Increase watering in dry spells or heatwaves. Reduce it during rainy periods to avoid waterlogging.

Fertilizer Application and Soil Fertility Management

Nutrient management is key for high yields and quality in cabbages. Farmers should use fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, along with organic options.

Here is a simple cabbage fertilizer schedule:

1. Pre-planting: Incorporate 10-15 tons of manure or compost per hectare to increase and enhance soil and nutrients.
2. Post planting: The dosage amount of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) shall be 100-150 kg/ha and N application shall be repeated after 2 weeks and 4 weeks of planting to enhance leaf growth.
3. For head formation: The dosage amount of Muriate of Potash (MOP) shall be 50-75kg/ha around 6 weeks after transplanting to promote the formation of solid heads.

Pest and Disease Management

Managing pests and diseases is vital for healthy cabbage. In Kenya, cabbage faces common pests and diseases. Here are their control measures:

A. Pests

1. Aphids

These small, soft-bodied insects can quickly multiply and damage crops. Control methods include:

• Biological control using natural predators like ladybugs
• Spraying with neem oil or insecticidal soaps
• In severe cases, use of systemic insecticides

2. Diamondback moths

These pests can cause significant damage to cabbage leaves. Control measures include:

• Regular scouting and early intervention
• Use of pheromone traps for monitoring
• Application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) based biopesticides

3. Cabbage loopers and cutworms

These caterpillars can defoliate plants. Control them by:

• Handpicking in small gardens
• Using Bt-based insecticides
• Applying chemical insecticides as a last resort

B. Diseases

1. White mould − Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

White mould starts as a fast-spreading, watery, light brown rot. In humid places, it then forms a cottony layer and hard black bodies called sclerotia. This issue mainly occurs in coastal areas and cool, moist conditions.

2. Alternaria rot − Alternaria brassiciola

Dark grey to black spots spread over the leaves. These have a sunken centre with distinct margins, often surrounded by a yellow halo. Favoured by warm, wet weather, with spores spread in wind and water.

3. Bacterial soft rot − Pectobacterium carotovorum

A wet slimy rot, often starting in the cut base. Tissue becomes water-soaked and disintegrates, often with an unpleasant smell. Symptoms can develop soon after harvest.

4. Black rot − Xanthomonas campestris

V-shaped yellow to brown areas appear on the edges of leaves. Then, they move inward. This often affects cabbages in warm, humid climates.

5. Ethylene damage

Leaf yellowing is a natural sign of aging. However, it can also happen early due to ethylene exposure. Diseases boost ethylene production.

6. Physical injury

Damage to the outer leaves such as cuts, tears and crushing damage is often most noticeable on the leaf edge. Can be reduced by leaving a few outer leaves intact.

Weed Control and Farm Maintenance

Weed management is vital for high cabbage yields. Weeds compete for nutrients, water, and sunlight. Here are some strategies:

1. Manual weeding: Pull or hoe weeds early on. It’s labor-intensive but effective for small farms.
2. Mulching: Use organic mulch to block weeds and keep soil moist. Options include straw, grass clippings, or black plastic.
3. Herbicides: Apply pre-emergent herbicides before planting. Use post-emergent ones during the season. Always follow instructions and safety guidelines.
4. Crop rotation: Rotate crops to disrupt weed cycles and reduce pressure.

Harvesting and Post-Harvest Handling of Cabbage

Harvesting

• Cabbage takes 3 to 4 months to mature after transplanting, depending on the type and conditions. Harvest when the heads are firm. Cut the head at an angle with a sharp knife, leaving some outer leaves for protection. Do this in the cooler parts of the day to keep it fresh.
• Cabbages are picked when they’re firm, heavy, and market-ready.
• Colored cabbage leaves often show a waxy coating. This, along with their tight leaf arrangement, prevents water loss.
• Freshness is indicated by a squeaky sound when leaves rub together. Cabbages can last long, especially if cooled to nearly 0°C after picking. However, their thick structure slows cooling.
• Vacuum cooling isn’t very effective for cabbages. They aren’t sensitive to chilling but can freeze. Storing at 0°C poses a freezing risk, especially for heads near the airflow.
• Outer leaves are trimmed for better air circulation but still offer some protection. Exposure to ethylene speeds up yellowing.

Post-harvest handling

1. Sorting and grading: Separate cabbages based on size and quality. Remove any damaged or diseased heads.
2. Cleaning: Gently remove any dirt or debris from the cabbage heads.
3. Packaging: Use clean, ventilated crates or bags for packaging. Avoid overpacking to prevent bruising.
4. Storage: If not selling immediately, store cabbages in a cool, well-ventilated area. Properly stored cabbage can last 1-2 months, especially important for export markets.
5. Transportation: Use cushioning materials during transport to minimize damage. Ensure vehicles are clean and well-ventilated.

Storage life

Cabbage lasts longest at 0°C with high humidity, staying fresh for 2 to 4 months, depending on the type and season. At 2–4°C, it lasts 3–6 weeks but is cheaper, enough for transport and sale.

Weight loss

• Cabbage loses weight slowly in normal storage. Packaging and stable temperatures can reduce this loss further.
• Cabbage can lose up to 5% of its weight and still be sold.
• Cabbage losing 7% or more of its weight will be wilted and unsellable.

Market Trends and Profitability in Cabbage Farming

Understanding market dynamics is vital for your cabbage farm’s success. Here’s a brief on market trends and profits:

Demand: Cabbage is popular in Kenya, and demand is in homes, schools, hotels, and markets. Its use in many dishes keeps demand steady.

Price Trends: Cabbage prices change with the seasons. They are higher in dry months (January-February and August-September) and around holidays. Prices drop during peak harvests due to surplus supply.

Profitability analysis:

• Production costs per acre, Ksh 80,000 – Ksh 120,000 (including inputs labour and other overheads)
• Potential yield per acre, 25-40 tons depending on variety and farming systems employed.
• Market price amount on average Ksh 15 – 30 per kg depending on a season and Market.
• Potential gross Revenue, Ksh 375,000 – Ksh 1,200,000
• Estimated profit: Ksh 100,000 – Ksh 300,000 per acre of land.

Market access:

1. Local markets: Sell directly to local vegetable vendors or at farmer’s markets
2. Supermarkets: Supply to supermarket chains (requires consistent quality and quantity)
3. Institutions: Schools, hospitals, and hotels often buy in bulk
4. Export: Explore opportunities in regional markets like Uganda and Tanzania

To maximize profitability, consider:

• Timing your production to coincide with periods of high demand and prices
• Implementing proper post-harvest handling to maintain quality and reduce losses
• Exploring value addition options, such as processing cabbage into coleslaw or sauerkraut

Common Challenges in Cabbage Farming in Kenya

1. Unpredictable weather: Challenge: Extreme heat or prolonged droughts can affect cabbage quality and yield. Solutions:
   • Use drip irrigation to ensure consistent water supply
   • Implement shade nets during hot periods
   • Choose drought-resistant varieties for dry areas
2. Pest and disease pressure: Challenge: Constant threat from pests like diamondback moths and diseases such as black rot. Solutions:
   • Practice regular scouting to detect issues early
   • Implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies
   • Use resistant varieties when available
   • Maintain proper crop rotation and field hygiene
3. Market volatility: Challenge: Fluctuating cabbage prices can affect profitability. Solutions:
   • Diversify markets to spread risk
   • Consider contract farming with stable buyers
   • Use cold storage to extend shelf life and sell when prices are favorable
   • Explore value addition to create products with longer shelf life
4. Soil degradation: Challenge: Intensive farming can lead to soil depletion over time. Solutions:
   • Implement crop rotation to maintain soil health
   • Use organic fertilizers and compost to improve soil structure
   • Practice conservation tillage to minimize soil disturbance
5. Limited access to quality inputs: Challenge: Difficulty in obtaining certified seeds or appropriate fertilizers. Solutions:
   • Join or form farmer groups to bulk-purchase quality inputs
   • Build relationships with reputable agro-dealers
   • Consider producing your own organic fertilizers through composting

Conclusion

Cabbage farming in Kenya is promising for all farmers. By following best practices in land prep, choosing the right variety, managing pests, and marketing, you can succeed. Success in farming requires ongoing learning. Stay updated on techniques, market trends, and pest control. Joining local groups can help share knowledge and resources.

With good planning, cabbage farming can provide steady income and improve food security. Both seasoned and new farmers should apply these principles and adjust them to local conditions.

Frequently Asked Questions

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2. Smart Farming in Kenya: Technology Transforming Agriculture